This European survey examines (a) The risks of harm from use of social media services - such as harm to mental health, exploitation of children, and more - are sufficient to justify regulations setting safety standards and creating a process of compensation for harm by digital platforms; b) To date, EU efforts to address harm from use of social media services - primarily the Digital Services Act - have been largely ineffective at protecting consumers
Keyword: European Commission
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early years earnings Eastern Europe economic agents economic data economic development economic geography economic growth economic history economic insecurity economic integration economic performance economic performance; electoral cycles; government policy; political economy; public policy; voters economic policy economic principles economic recovery economic reseach economic research economic statistics economic stimulus Economics 101 economists education educational quality efficiency efficient markets efficient markets hypothesis elections electoral cycles electric vehicles electricity embargoes emerging markets empirical economics employees employment employment contracts employment effects employment protection end-of-day trading energy energy policy energy prices energy sanctions energy subsidies energy supply energy taxes energy transition environment Environmental Protection Agency environmental regulation equal pay equities equity equity injections equity risk premium ESG ESMA essential goods ethanol EU EU budget EU Inc euro euro exit Europe European Central Bank European champions European Commission European preference European recovery fund European Research Council European Securities and Markets Authority European Union Europen Union Eurozone ex-ante regulation exchange rate adjustment exchange rates exchange-traded products executive compensation expectations experiments export controls export restrictions exports externalities extreme weather
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ideas illegal activities immigrant visas immigration import duties import restrictions imports impossibility theorem incentives inclusion income inequality income support income tax increasing returns to scale incumbents independent regulatory agencies index funds indexing industrial polic industrial policy Industrial Revolution inequality inflation inflation expectations inflation target inflation-indexed bonds inflation-linked bonds information infrastructure innovation input prices inside information insider trading Instagram institutional investors institutions insurance insurance premiums Intel intellectual property interdependence interest rate caps interest rates interest-bearing assets intergenerational mobility intermediate goods intermediation international agreements International Energy Agency international monetary system internet internet: profits investment investment grade investment management investment policy investment portfolio investment returns invisible hand IPOs Iran Ireland Italy
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labor force participation labor income labor market labor market flexibility labor markets labor productivity labor regulations labor statistics labor supply labour force Laffer curve laissez-faire land use land value tax landlords law and economics legacy preference legal liability legalisation legislative proposals lender of last resort leverage liabilities liberal democracy licensing life expectancy life outcomes liquefied natural gas liquidity listings listings securities exchanges living standard living standards llong-term borrowing loan relief loans lobbying local government lockdowns London long-term borrowing lotteries low-carbon technologies low-income low-income households low-skill workers LTCM Luxembourg
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NAFTA Nasdaq Nash equilibrium National Academy of Sciences national debt National Science Foundation national security natural disasters natural gas natural resources net neutrality net zero Netherlands network externalities new entry New York Nippon Steel Nobel Prize Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences Nobel Prize in Economics non-bank financial intermediaries non-compete clauses non-tariff barriers Northern Ireland Norway nudge policies
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panics Paris agreement passive investing patent trolls patents payday lending payment services payments system payroll taxes peace peer review Pell grants penalties pension funds pensions personal data personal debt personal finance petrol pharmaceutical industry physical infrastructure physical risks pied-à-terre tax platforms policy advice policy entrepreneurs political appointments political economy pollution populism portfolio allocation portfolio diversification portfolio investment portfolio management portfolio theory Portugal poverty poverty reduction pre-school education prediction markets prescription drugs President Biden President Obama President Trump price cap price caps price controls price gouging primary voting privacy private credit private credit funds private equity private firms private funds private schools privatization product quality production production capacity productivity productivity growth professional sports teams profitability profits prohibition property rights property taxes prosperity protectionism proxy advisory firms proxy voting psychology public budget public corporations public debt public finances public goods public health public investment public ownership public policy public procurement public revenues public schools public spending public transport public utilities publishers Puerto Rico purchasing power
R&D R&D spillovers race radiospectrum random audits randomized control trials ranked-choice voting rationality real estate real wages recession reciprocal tariffs reconstruction recovery redemptions redistribution referendum refugees regressive tax regulation regulations remuneration renewable energy renewables renminbi rent control rent freezes rent-seeking repatriated profits research reserve currency resilience resource allocation retail retail investors retaliatory tariffs retirees retirement retirement age retirement benefits return on investment returns returns to education ride-sharing ride-sharing caps risk management risk premia risk-return risk-taking robots rule of law rules runs Russia
safe assets safety sales tax San Francisco sanctions savings school students school vouchers schools Science scientists Scotland Scottish independence SEC second homes secondary markets Section 230 sectoral policies Securities and Exchange Commission security security screening self-control semiconductors services services sector shareholder activism shareholder value shareholders shares shipping short selling single market single-family homes skills slavery small firms smartphones soccer social benefits social cohesion social cost of carbon social costs social integration social justice social media social mobility social norms social problems social programs Social Security social welfare social/public housing socialism sociial welfare soft drinks software industry solar energy solvency sovereign bonds sovereign debt sovereign wealth funds soverign bonds Spain speculation sports Stability and Growth Pact stablecoins stagflation stakeholders standardized tests start-ups state aid state assets state budgets statistical agencies statistics steel steel industry steel tariffs sterling stock buybacks stock market stock prices stock returns store of value strategic autonomy strategic behavior strategic independence strategic oil reserves Strategic Petroleum Reserve strategic planning strategic sectors stress tests student loans students subsidies sugar sugar tax Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program supplementary leverage ratio supply chain supply chains Supreme Court surge pricing surveys sustainability sustained growth systemic risk
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This European survey examines (a) Current enforcement of competition policy in Europe is not working to promote innovation and growth; b) European Union bureaucracy and regulations are a substantial constraint on innovation in Europe; c) The conduct of the dominant US tech companies in European markets (including lobbying and acquisition of start-ups and competitors) is a substantial constraint on innovation in Europe
This European survey examines (a) Constraints on the anti-competitive behavior of dominant firms in the digital economy can in principle be effectively implemented using the existing tools of competition policy and antitrust enforcement; (b) The effectiveness of existing antitrust regimes in constraining anti-competitive behavior is substantially limited by the inadequacy of the resources available to competition and regulatory agencies relative to the dominant firms of the digital economy; (c) Constraints on the anti-competitive behavior of dominant firms in the digital economy would be more effectively implemented than at present with ex-ante regulation such as Europe's Digital Markets Act and other forms of public utility regulation. Details on Digital Markets Act here: https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/index_en
This US survey examines (a) Constraints on the anti-competitive behavior of dominant firms in the digital economy can in principle be effectively implemented using the existing tools of competition policy and antitrust enforcement; (b) The effectiveness of existing antitrust regimes in constraining anti-competitive behavior is substantially limited by the inadequacy of the resources available to competition and regulatory agencies relative to the dominant firms of the digital economy; (c) Constraints on the anti-competitive behavior of dominant firms in the digital economy would be more effectively implemented than at present with ex-ante regulation such as Europe's Digital Markets Act and other forms of public utility regulation. Details on Digital Markets Act here: https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/index_en
This European survey examines (a) Debt sustainability analysis – for example, as practiced currently by the International Monetary Fund – substantially improves the ability to predict future sovereign debt crises; (b) The European Commission’s proposed move from the existing EU fiscal rules to ones based on debt sustainability analysis would be a measurable improvement; (c) A move from the existing fiscal rules to independent fiscal councils would be more effective than a move to rules based on debt sustainability.
This US survey examines (a) Debt sustainability analysis – for example, as practiced currently by the International Monetary Fund – substantially improves the ability to predict future sovereign debt crises; (b) The European Commission’s proposed move from the existing EU fiscal rules to ones based on debt sustainability analysis would be a measurable improvement; (c) A move from the existing fiscal rules to independent fiscal councils would be more effective than a move to rules based on debt sustainability.
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