This European survey examines (a) A constitutional rule that limits the size of budget deficits that governments can run as a share of GDP is an effective way to impose discipline on a country’s public finances; (b) Germany’s debt brake is a substantial constraint on vital public investment in physical/digital infrastructure and the green transition
Keyword: physical infrastructure
a la carte pricing abortion access to credit acquisitions active investing Adam Smith advertising Affordable Care Act Africa agglomeration aging airline industry alternative investments amateurism Amazon American Recovery and Reinvestment Act American Rescue Plan anti-competitive behavior antitrust Argentina artificial intelligence arts asset allocation asset classes asset management asset pricing asset purchases asset returns asset valuation assets AT&T auctions austerity automatic enrollment automation automobile industry autonomous cars
bailouts balance sheet balanced budget bank failures bank finance Bank of England bank regulation bank runs banking banking crises banking rules banking sector banking union bankruptcy banks bans behavioral economics behavioral finance benefits betting Big Tech Bitcoin board quotas bonds bonuses book market border adjustment tax borrowing borrowing and lending Brexit budget deficits budget scoring bundling Bureau of Economic Analysis Bureau of Labor Statistics bureaucracy business cycles business forecasting buy American
cable and satellite TV California Canada cannabis cap-and-trade capital capital allocation capital asset pricing model capital budgeting capital flows capital formation capital income capital markets capital outflows capital regulation capital requirements capital stock capitalism CAPM carbon emissions carbon leakage carbon prices carbon tax carbon taxes careers CARES Act cars cash catastrophic risk central bank independence central banks CFPB CFTC charitable deductions charity charter schools chief executives childrearing children China Christmas cleantech climate change climate policies climate policy climate targets closing auction clusters college admissions college athletes college tuition colonialism commercial banks commercial property commitments commodity markets communism competition competition policy competitiveness concentration congestion congestion charges congestion pricing Congress Congressional Budget Office Connecticut consolidation constitutional amendment constitutions consumer price index consumer prices consumer protection consumer welfare consumption consumption insurance contraception conventions coronabonds Coronavirus corporate boards corporate executives corporate investment corporate performance corporate reporting corporate reproting corporate social responsibility corporate tax corporate taxes cost disease cost of capital cost of living cost-benefit analysis costs of living Council of Economic Advisors COVID-19 credibility revolution credit credit cards credit risk creditors crime crypto assets cryptocurrencies cryptocurrency Cuba culture currencies currency currency manipulation currency reserves customers
data data protection debt debt brake debt ceiling debt obligations debt relief debt support debt sustainability debt-to-GDP ratio default defaults defense economics defense spending deflation DEI democracy democratic legitimacy Department of Education dependency ratio deposit insurance destination-based cash flow tax destintation-based cash flow tax Detroit developing countries developing economies development assistance development economics digital currency digital economy digital infrastructure digital markets Digital Markets Act digital service providers digital services discount rates discrimination disease diseases disruption distributional effects diversification diversity dollar dollarization dominant firms doom loops drought drug prices drug use duration dutch disease dynamic scoring
early years earnings Eastern Europe economic agents economic data economic development economic geography economic growth economic history economic insecurity economic integration economic performance economic performance; electoral cycles; government policy; political economy; public policy; voters economic policy economic principles economic recovery economic reseach economic statistics economic stimulus Economics 101 economists education educational quality efficiency efficient markets efficient markets hypothesis elections electoral cycles electric vehicles emerging markets empirical economics employees employment employment contracts employment effects employment protection end-of-day trading energy energy policy energy supply environment environmental regulation equal pay equities equity equity injections equity risk premium ESG ESMA essential goods ethanol EU budget euro euro exit Europe European Central Bank European champions European Commission European recovery fund European Union Europen Union Eurozone ex-ante regulation exchange rate adjustment exchange rates exchange-traded products executive compensation expectations experiments export restrictions exports externalities extreme weather
Facebook faculty pay fairness family size Fannie Mae fast-track authority FDIC Federal Economic Statistics Advisory Council federal regulations Federal Reserve fee caps fee transparency fees fiduciary duty financial crises financial crisis financial markets financial performance financial policy financial regulation financial regulations bank runs financial services financial stability finished good prices firm capabilities firm finances firm location first past the post fiscal benefits fiscal cliff fiscal councils fiscal deficit fiscal deficits fiscal policy fiscal rules fiscal stimulus fiscal sustainability floods food prices food security forecasting foreign aid foreign direct investment fossil fuels fracking France Freddie Mac free markets free movement free trade full capacity fund performance fundamental value fungibility
G7 gambling game theory gasoline GDP GDP growth gender gaps gentrification geographical mobility geopolitics Germany gift-giving global commerce global financial crisis global minimum tax global minimum tax rate global supply chains global warming globalisation globalization gold Gold Standard Google government borrowing government budget government budgets government MMFs government policy governments Greece greedflation green technologies green technology green transition
hard drugs health insurance health outcomes healthcare costs healthcare quality healthcare reform hedge funds high-skill workers high-skilled workers higher education hihg-debt countries holidays home insurance household finances household welfare households housing markets human capital humanitarian aid hurricanes
ideas illegal activities immigrant visas immigration import duties import restrictions imports impossibility theorem incentives income inequality income support income tax increasing returns to scale incumbents independent regulatory agencies index funds indexing industrial polic industrial policy inequality inflation inflation target inflation-indexed bonds inflation-linked bonds information infrastructure innovation input prices inside information Instagram institutions insurance insurance premiums intellectual property interest rate caps interest rates intergenerational mobility intermediate goods intermediation international agreements international monetary system internet internet: profits investment investment grade investment management investment policy investment portfolio investment returns invisible hand Ireland Italy
labor force participation labor income labor market labor market flexibility labor markets labor productivity labor regulations labor supply Laffer curve laissez-faire land use land value tax landlords law and economics legacy preference legal liability legalisation legislative proposals lender of last resort leverage liabilities liberal democracy licensing life expectancy life outcomes liquefied natural gas liquidity listings listings securities exchanges living standard living standards llong-term borrowing loan relief loans lobbying local government lockdowns London long-term borrowing lotteries low-income low-income households low-skill workers LTCM Luxembourg
macroeconomic stability macroprudential policy Maine majority rule mandated disclosures manufacturing marginal tax rates marijuana mark to market market anomalies market cap market concentration market dominance market efficiency market indices market intervention market microstructure market power market quality market volatility maturity transformation maximum sustainable employment Medicaid medical debt medical research Medicare medium of exchange mega-banks mergers mergers & acquisitions mergers and acquisitions Mexico Microsoft migration minimum retirement age minimum wage minimum wage|labor market|low-skill workers|unemployment|productivity||||| mismeasurement mobility Modern Monetary Theory monetary policy money creation money market funds monopsony power moral hazard mortality mortgages museums music events mutual funds
NAFTA Nash equilibrium national debt national security natural disasters natural gas natural resources net neutrality net zero Netherlands network externalities new entry New York Nippon Steel Nobel Prize Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences Nobel Prize in Economics non-bank financial intermediaries non-compete clauses non-tariff barriers Northern Ireland Norway nudge policies
OASI trust fund obesity occupational choice occupational licensing offshore accounts offshoring oil oil prices Omicron online sales online sales tax open economies order execution output gap outsourcing overheating
panics Paris agreement passive investing patent trolls patents payday lending payroll taxes peer review Pell grants pension funds pensions personal debt personal finance pharmaceutical industry physical infrastructure physical risks platforms policy advice policy entrepreneurs political appointments political economy pollution populism portfolio allocation portfolio diversification portfolio management portfolio theory Portugal poverty poverty reduction pre-school education prescription drugs President Biden President Obama President Trump price cap price caps price controls price gouging primary voting private credit private equity private firms private funds private schools privatization product quality production production capacity productivity professional sports teams profitability profits prohibition property rights property taxes prosperity protectionism psychology public corporations public debt public finances public goods public health public investment public ownership public policy public procurement public revenues public schools public transport public utilities publishers purchasing power
R&D R&D spillovers race radiospectrum random audits randomized control trials ranked-choice voting rationality real estate real wages recession reciprocal tariffs recovery redemptions redistribution referendum refugees regressive tax regulation regulations remuneration renewable energy renewables renminbi rent control rent-seeking repatriated profits reserve currency resilience resource allocation retail retail investors retaliatory tariffs retirees retirement retirement age retirement benefits return on investment returns returns to education ride-sharing ride-sharing caps risk management risk-return risk-taking robots rule of law rules runs Russia
safety sales tax San Francisco sanctions savings school students school vouchers schools Science Scotland Scottish independence SEC secondary markets Section 230 sectoral policies security security screening self-control semiconductors services shareholder activism shareholder value shareholders shares shipping short selling single market skills slavery small firms smartphones soccer social benefits social cohesion social cost of carbon social costs social integration social justice social media social mobility social norms social problems social programs Social Security social welfare social/public housing sociial welfare soft drinks software industry solar energy sovereign bonds sovereign debt sovereign wealth funds soverign bonds Spain speculation sports Stability and Growth Pact stablecoins stagflation stakeholders standardized tests start-ups state aid state budgets statistical agencies statistics steel steel industry steel tariffs sterling stock buybacks stock market stock prices stock returns store of value strategic behavior strategic planning strategic sectors stress tests student loans students subsidies sugar sugar tax Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program supply chain supply chains Supreme Court surge pricing sustainability systemic risk
targeting tariffs tax avoidance tax competition tax credits tax cuts tax deductions tax enforcement tax evasion tax harmonization tax incentives tax rates tax reform tax revenues taxes taxis taxonomy taxpayer guarantees teaching tech compaies tech companies technological change Technology telecommunications telecoms terrorists Tesla test scores testing textbooks theory ticket resale TikTok time consistency Time Warner too big to fail tourism tournaments trade agreements trade balance trade balances trade barriers trade deficits trade embargo trade liberalization trade policy trade sanctions trade war trade wars trading rules training transition economies transparency transport transport networks travel travel bans Treasury bonds tulipmania TV fees twin deficits Twitter
Uber UK Ukraine uncertainty undergraduate economics unemployment unemployment insurance uninsured deposits unions United Nations universal basic income universities urban development urban neighborhoods US states US Steel US Treasuries USAID
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