This European survey examines (a) The likely need for increased European public investment in defense should come with substantial reallocations of public budgets at the national and EU levels; (b) Greater use of joint EU-level procurement of military equipment and defense research/innovation would promote substantially enhanced capacity in Europe's defense industry; (c) Increased defense spending would deliver a measurable boost to economic growth in Europe over the next five years
Keyword: EU budget
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data data protection debt debt brake debt ceiling debt obligations debt relief debt support debt sustainability debt-to-GDP ratio default defaults defense economics defense spending deflation DEI democracy democratic legitimacy Department of Education dependency ratio deposit insurance destination-based cash flow tax destintation-based cash flow tax Detroit devaluation developing countries developing economies development assistance development economics digital currency digital economy digital infrastructure digital markets Digital Markets Act digital service providers digital services discount rates discrimination disease diseases disruption distributional effects diversification diversity dollar dollarization dominant firms doom loops drought drug prices drug use duration dutch disease dynamic scoring
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safety sales tax San Francisco sanctions savings school students school vouchers schools Science Scotland Scottish independence SEC secondary markets Section 230 sectoral policies security security screening self-control semiconductors services shareholder activism shareholder value shareholders shares shipping short selling single market skills slavery small firms smartphones soccer social benefits social cohesion social cost of carbon social costs social integration social justice social media social mobility social norms social problems social programs Social Security social welfare social/public housing sociial welfare soft drinks software industry solar energy sovereign bonds sovereign debt sovereign wealth funds soverign bonds Spain speculation sports Stability and Growth Pact stablecoins stagflation stakeholders standardized tests start-ups state aid state budgets statistical agencies statistics steel steel industry steel tariffs sterling stock buybacks stock market stock prices stock returns store of value strategic behavior strategic planning strategic sectors stress tests student loans students subsidies sugar sugar tax Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program supply chain supply chains Supreme Court surge pricing sustainability systemic risk
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