Rising energy prices suggest that the European Central Bank and the Federal Reserve will have to increase interest rates faster than they intended to before the invasion.
Responses
Increased public spending by European countries to accommodate larger defense budgets, migration inflows and accelerated investment in alternative energy sources would be better financed mostly through taxes, rather than debt.
Responses
Economic damage from the shock to global commodity markets will fall disproportionately hard on low- and middle-income countries.
