Question A:
Constraints on the anti-competitive behavior of dominant firms in the digital economy can in principle be effectively implemented using the existing tools of competition policy and antitrust enforcement.
Responses
© 2025. Kent A. Clark Center for Global Markets.
26%
12%
0%
12%
38%
12%
0%
Responses weighted by each expert's confidence
© 2025. Kent A. Clark Center for Global Markets.
0%
25%
51%
24%
0%
Question B:
The effectiveness of existing antitrust regimes in constraining anti-competitive behavior is substantially limited by the inadequacy of the resources available to competition and regulatory agencies relative to the dominant firms of the digital economy.
Responses
© 2025. Kent A. Clark Center for Global Markets.
26%
4%
0%
0%
20%
40%
10%
Responses weighted by each expert's confidence
© 2025. Kent A. Clark Center for Global Markets.
0%
0%
26%
57%
17%
Question C:
Constraints on the anti-competitive behavior of dominant firms in the digital economy would be more effectively implemented than at present with ex-ante regulation such as Europe's Digital Markets Act and other forms of public utility regulation.
Details on Digital Markets Act here: https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/index_en
Responses
© 2025. Kent A. Clark Center for Global Markets.
26%
16%
0%
2%
22%
32%
2%
Responses weighted by each expert's confidence
© 2025. Kent A. Clark Center for Global Markets.
0%
5%
32%
57%
6%
Question A Participant Responses
Participant |
University |
Vote |
Confidence |
Bio/Vote History |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Franklin Allen |
Imperial College London | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
There doesn't seem to be much evidence that this is the case. We will see how implementing existing policies works in practice.
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 Pol Antras |
Harvard | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Agnès Bénassy-Quéré |
Paris School of Economics | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Olivier Blanchard |
Peterson Institute | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Nicholas Bloom |
Stanford | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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 Richard William Blundell |
University College London | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Maristella Botticini |
Bocconi | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Elena Carletti |
Bocconi | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Jean-Pierre Danthine |
Paris School of Economics | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Paul De Grauwe |
LSE | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Jan Eeckhout |
UPF Barcelona | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Ernst Fehr |
Universität Zurich | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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 Xavier Freixas |
Barcelona GSE | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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 Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln |
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Jordi Galí |
Barcelona GSE | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Luis Garicano |
LSE | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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 Yuriy Gorodnichenko |
Berkeley | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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 Rachel Griffith |
University of Manchester | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Veronica Guerrieri |
Chicago Booth | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Luigi Guiso |
Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Sergei Guriev |
London Business School | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Patrick Honohan |
Trinity College Dublin | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Beata Javorcik |
University of Oxford | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Botond Kőszegi |
Central European University | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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 Jan Pieter Krahnen |
Goethe University Frankfurt | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
In particular transparency and easy and common access to data is probably a way to enhance competition.
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 Eliana La Ferrara |
Harvard Kennedy | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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 Christian Leuz |
Chicago Booth | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Thierry Mayer |
Sciences-Po | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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 Costas Meghir |
Yale | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Marco Pagano |
Università di Napoli Federico II | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Lubos Pastor |
Chicago Booth | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Torsten Persson |
Stockholm University | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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 Christopher Pissarides |
London School of Economics and Political Science | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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 Richard Portes |
London Business School | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Canice Prendergast |
Chicago Booth | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Carol Propper |
Imperial College London | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Imran Rasul |
University College London | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Lucrezia Reichlin |
London Business School | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Ricardo Reis |
London School of Economics | Bio/Vote History | ||
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New attempts at getting market power will emerge; new tools will respond. It is a dynamic game.
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||||
 Rafael Repullo |
CEMFI | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Hélène Rey |
London Business School | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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 Antoinette Schoar |
MIT | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Kjetil Storesletten |
University of Minnesota | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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 Daniel Sturm |
London School of Economics | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Rick Van der Ploeg |
Oxford | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 John Van Reenen |
LSE | Bio/Vote History | ||
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Basic principle of welfare is right, but need to strengthen anti-trust regime to give greater power to regulators.
-see background information here |
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 John Vickers |
Oxford | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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 Hans-Joachim Voth |
University of Zurich | Bio/Vote History | ||
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 Karl Whelan |
University College Dublin | Bio/Vote History | ||
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||||
 Charles Wyplosz |
The Graduate Institute Geneva | Bio/Vote History | ||
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Question B Participant Responses
Participant |
University |
Vote |
Confidence |
Bio/Vote History |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Franklin Allen |
Imperial College London | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
Although the resources the government typically expends are not as large as the companies, they do often have talented people.
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||||
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Pol Antras |
Harvard | Bio/Vote History | ||
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||||
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Agnès Bénassy-Quéré |
Paris School of Economics | Bio/Vote History | ||
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|
||||
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Olivier Blanchard |
Peterson Institute | Bio/Vote History | ||
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|
||||
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Nicholas Bloom |
Stanford | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
|
|
||||
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Richard William Blundell |
University College London | Bio/Vote History | ||
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|
||||
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Maristella Botticini |
Bocconi | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Elena Carletti |
Bocconi | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
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Jean-Pierre Danthine |
Paris School of Economics | Bio/Vote History | ||
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|
||||
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Paul De Grauwe |
LSE | Bio/Vote History | ||
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|
||||
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Jan Eeckhout |
UPF Barcelona | Bio/Vote History | ||
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|
||||
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Ernst Fehr |
Universität Zurich | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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|
||||
|
Xavier Freixas |
Barcelona GSE | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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|
||||
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Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln |
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt | Bio/Vote History | ||
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|
||||
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Jordi Galí |
Barcelona GSE | Bio/Vote History | ||
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|
||||
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Luis Garicano |
LSE | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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|
||||
|
Yuriy Gorodnichenko |
Berkeley | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
|
|
||||
|
Rachel Griffith |
University of Manchester | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Veronica Guerrieri |
Chicago Booth | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Luigi Guiso |
Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Sergei Guriev |
London Business School | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
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Patrick Honohan |
Trinity College Dublin | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Beata Javorcik |
University of Oxford | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Botond Kőszegi |
Central European University | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
|
|
||||
|
Jan Pieter Krahnen |
Goethe University Frankfurt | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
I don't know enough on available resources for anti-trust agencies to give a proper assessment.
|
||||
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Eliana La Ferrara |
Harvard Kennedy | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
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|
||||
|
Christian Leuz |
Chicago Booth | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Thierry Mayer |
Sciences-Po | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
|
|
||||
|
Costas Meghir |
Yale | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Marco Pagano |
Università di Napoli Federico II | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Lubos Pastor |
Chicago Booth | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Torsten Persson |
Stockholm University | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
|
|
||||
|
Christopher Pissarides |
London School of Economics and Political Science | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
|
|
||||
|
Richard Portes |
London Business School | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Canice Prendergast |
Chicago Booth | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Carol Propper |
Imperial College London | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Imran Rasul |
University College London | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Lucrezia Reichlin |
London Business School | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Ricardo Reis |
London School of Economics | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
Unclear that lack of resources is the constraint with the highest Lagrange multiplier.
|
||||
|
Rafael Repullo |
CEMFI | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Hélène Rey |
London Business School | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
|
|
||||
|
Antoinette Schoar |
MIT | Bio/Vote History | ||
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|
||||
|
Kjetil Storesletten |
University of Minnesota | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
|
|
||||
|
Daniel Sturm |
London School of Economics | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Rick Van der Ploeg |
Oxford | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
John Van Reenen |
LSE | Bio/Vote History | ||
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|
||||
|
John Vickers |
Oxford | Did Not Answer | Bio/Vote History | |
|
|
||||
|
Hans-Joachim Voth |
University of Zurich | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Karl Whelan |
University College Dublin | Bio/Vote History | ||
|
|
||||
|
Charles Wyplosz |
The Graduate Institute Geneva | Bio/Vote History | ||
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