Policy Responses to Recent Bank Failures

Question A:

The response to recent bank failures should be to: Expand central banks’ lender of last resort facilities for banks.

Responses weighted by each expert's confidence

Question B:

The response to recent bank failures should be to: Substantially increase the limit on bank deposit insurance.

Responses weighted by each expert's confidence

Question C:

The response to recent bank failures should be to: Substantially increase bank capital requirements.

Responses weighted by each expert's confidence

Question D:

The response to recent bank failures should be to: Use market values of all traded assets to compute banks’ regulatory capital.

Responses weighted by each expert's confidence

Question A Participant Responses

Participant University Vote Confidence Bio/Vote History
Allen
Franklin Allen
Imperial College London
Uncertain
5
Bio/Vote History
In some cases this may help but in others it may not. It's not clear central banks have done a very good job in recent years.
Antras
Pol Antras
Harvard
Uncertain
8
Bio/Vote History
Blanchard
Olivier Blanchard
Peterson Institute
Uncertain
7
Bio/Vote History
I just do not understand the statement. The LOL role is already available for banks. Is the proposal to make it more generous, to extend it to other institutions?
Bloom
Nicholas Bloom
Stanford Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Blundell
Richard William Blundell
University College London Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Botticini
Maristella Botticini
Bocconi
Uncertain
6
Bio/Vote History
Bénassy-Quéré
Agnès Bénassy-Quéré
Paris School of Economics
Disagree
10
Bio/Vote History
Carletti
Elena Carletti
Bocconi
Agree
8
Bio/Vote History
Danthine
Jean-Pierre Danthine
Paris School of Economics
Agree
7
Bio/Vote History
But it should not be the only response!
De Grauwe
Paul De Grauwe
LSE
Disagree
7
Bio/Vote History
Eeckhout
Jan Eeckhout
UPF Barcelona
Disagree
7
Bio/Vote History
Fehr
Ernst Fehr
Universität Zurich
Agree
8
Bio/Vote History
Freixas
Xavier Freixas
Barcelona GSE Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Fuchs-Schündeln
Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt
Disagree
3
Bio/Vote History
Galí
Jordi Galí
Barcelona GSE
Disagree
6
Bio/Vote History
Garicano
Luis Garicano
LSE
Disagree
7
Bio/Vote History
LOLR should be really a last resort. We need to ensure that banks have enough capital to avoid these failures. The Basle rules are a good start- pity that the implementation is riddled with holes.
Gorodnichenko
Yuriy Gorodnichenko
Berkeley
Uncertain
2
Bio/Vote History
Griffith
Rachel Griffith
University of Manchester
No Opinion
Bio/Vote History
Guerrieri
Veronica Guerrieri
Chicago Booth
Agree
7
Bio/Vote History
Guiso
Luigi Guiso
Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance
Agree
7
Bio/Vote History
Guriev
Sergei Guriev
Sciences Po
Uncertain
5
Bio/Vote History
Honohan
Patrick Honohan
Trinity College Dublin
Disagree
10
Bio/Vote History
Availability of LOLR facilities is, in practice, already ample. Extensive loans were provided in both the the US and Switzerland. Still, failing banks should be resolved.
Javorcik
Beata Javorcik
University of Oxford Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Krahnen
Jan Pieter Krahnen
Goethe University Frankfurt
Uncertain
5
Bio/Vote History
For moral hazard reasons I find a clear distinction between safe and risky (i.e. liable in the crisis) liabilities more important. A reform of the rules governing deposit insurance can do the trick, I maintain.
Kőszegi
Botond Kőszegi
Central European University
No Opinion
Bio/Vote History
La Ferrara
Eliana La Ferrara
Harvard Kennedy Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Leuz
Christian Leuz
Chicago Booth
Uncertain
3
Bio/Vote History
Mayer
Thierry Mayer
Sciences-Po Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Meghir
Costas Meghir
Yale
Uncertain
7
Bio/Vote History
Pagano
Marco Pagano
Università di Napoli Federico II
Disagree
9
Bio/Vote History
Pastor
Lubos Pastor
Chicago Booth Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Persson
Torsten Persson
Stockholm University Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Pissarides
Christopher Pissarides
London School of Economics and Political Science Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Portes
Richard Portes
London Business School
Strongly Disagree
10
Bio/Vote History
LOLR should deal with short-term liquidity only.
Prendergast
Canice Prendergast
Chicago Booth
Uncertain
8
Bio/Vote History
Propper
Carol Propper
Imperial College London
Uncertain
4
Bio/Vote History
Rasul
Imran Rasul
University College London Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Reichlin
Lucrezia Reichlin
London Business School Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Reis
Ricardo Reis
London School of Economics
Agree
5
Bio/Vote History
Repullo
Rafael Repullo
CEMFI
Agree
8
Bio/Vote History
Rey
Hélène Rey
London Business School Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Schoar
Antoinette Schoar
MIT Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Storesletten
Kjetil Storesletten
University of Minnesota
Uncertain
8
Bio/Vote History
Optimal response to recent bank failures is stronger enforcement of risk limitations. In the US, the culprit was failed/insufficient bank supervision. The primary response should be to tighten the conduct of bank supervision
Sturm
Daniel Sturm
London School of Economics Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Van Reenen
John Van Reenen
LSE
Uncertain
5
Bio/Vote History
Van der Ploeg
Rick Van der Ploeg
Oxford
Uncertain
4
Bio/Vote History
I am not sure on this one.
Vickers
John Vickers
Oxford
Uncertain
9
Bio/Vote History
Any expansion should come with quid pro quo in terms of capital and/or propositioned haircut collateral
Voth
Hans-Joachim Voth
University of Zurich
Strongly Disagree
9
Bio/Vote History
Whelan
Karl Whelan
University College Dublin Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Wyplosz
Charles Wyplosz
The Graduate Institute Geneva
Agree
8
Bio/Vote History

Question B Participant Responses

Participant University Vote Confidence Bio/Vote History
Allen
Franklin Allen
Imperial College London
Disagree
5
Bio/Vote History
It doesn't seem likely that increasing deposit insurance is helpful. Firms and individuals can buy government securities or mutual funds that buy them if they are concerned about default risk.
Antras
Pol Antras
Harvard
Agree
5
Bio/Vote History
Blanchard
Olivier Blanchard
Peterson Institute
Agree
6
Bio/Vote History
I don't think the moral hazard issue is partlcularly serious in this context.
Bloom
Nicholas Bloom
Stanford Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Blundell
Richard William Blundell
University College London Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Botticini
Maristella Botticini
Bocconi
Uncertain
6
Bio/Vote History
Bénassy-Quéré
Agnès Bénassy-Quéré
Paris School of Economics
Disagree
8
Bio/Vote History
Carletti
Elena Carletti
Bocconi
Strongly Disagree
10
Bio/Vote History
Danthine
Jean-Pierre Danthine
Paris School of Economics
Agree
7
Bio/Vote History
Together with a stronger monitoring and regulation of banks' risk taking activity
De Grauwe
Paul De Grauwe
LSE
Disagree
6
Bio/Vote History
Eeckhout
Jan Eeckhout
UPF Barcelona
Agree
6
Bio/Vote History
Fehr
Ernst Fehr
Universität Zurich
Agree
7
Bio/Vote History
Freixas
Xavier Freixas
Barcelona GSE Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Fuchs-Schündeln
Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt
Disagree
3
Bio/Vote History
Galí
Jordi Galí
Barcelona GSE
Disagree
6
Bio/Vote History
Garicano
Luis Garicano
LSE
Disagree
8
Bio/Vote History
Gorodnichenko
Yuriy Gorodnichenko
Berkeley
Disagree
6
Bio/Vote History
Griffith
Rachel Griffith
University of Manchester
No Opinion
Bio/Vote History
Guerrieri
Veronica Guerrieri
Chicago Booth
Disagree
7
Bio/Vote History
Guiso
Luigi Guiso
Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance
Uncertain
6
Bio/Vote History
Guriev
Sergei Guriev
Sciences Po
Disagree
7
Bio/Vote History
Honohan
Patrick Honohan
Trinity College Dublin
Disagree
10
Bio/Vote History
It's not a question of simply increasing the ceiling. What is needed is a politically sustainable definition of what categories of deposit (e,g, those used for working capital of SMEs) are protected. Without that, ex post bailouts are inevitable.
Javorcik
Beata Javorcik
University of Oxford Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Krahnen
Jan Pieter Krahnen
Goethe University Frankfurt
Strongly Agree
5
Bio/Vote History
Yes, that is exactly our program
-see background information here
Kőszegi
Botond Kőszegi
Central European University
No Opinion
Bio/Vote History
La Ferrara
Eliana La Ferrara
Harvard Kennedy Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Leuz
Christian Leuz
Chicago Booth
Disagree
5
Bio/Vote History
Mayer
Thierry Mayer
Sciences-Po Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Meghir
Costas Meghir
Yale
Agree
8
Bio/Vote History
Pagano
Marco Pagano
Università di Napoli Federico II
Disagree
9
Bio/Vote History
Pastor
Lubos Pastor
Chicago Booth Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Persson
Torsten Persson
Stockholm University Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Pissarides
Christopher Pissarides
London School of Economics and Political Science Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Portes
Richard Portes
London Business School
Strongly Disagree
10
Bio/Vote History
Higher deposit insurance not needed for ordinary retail customers. Corporate deposits for payrolls etc can be much higher and should go to money market funds.
Prendergast
Canice Prendergast
Chicago Booth
Uncertain
6
Bio/Vote History
Propper
Carol Propper
Imperial College London
Agree
4
Bio/Vote History
Rasul
Imran Rasul
University College London Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Reichlin
Lucrezia Reichlin
London Business School Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Reis
Ricardo Reis
London School of Economics
Disagree
6
Bio/Vote History
Repullo
Rafael Repullo
CEMFI
Strongly Disagree
8
Bio/Vote History
Rey
Hélène Rey
London Business School Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Schoar
Antoinette Schoar
MIT Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Storesletten
Kjetil Storesletten
University of Minnesota
Agree
8
Bio/Vote History
Once the Fed bailed out SVB, the market expects unlimited deposit insurance. This forces the and of the Fed to deliver in the event of a future crisis. Accordingly, bank depositors should pay for the implicit insurance
Sturm
Daniel Sturm
London School of Economics Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Van Reenen
John Van Reenen
LSE
Uncertain
5
Bio/Vote History
Van der Ploeg
Rick Van der Ploeg
Oxford
Agree
7
Bio/Vote History
This makes sense to avoid bank runs (even despite some moral hazard effects).
Vickers
John Vickers
Oxford
Uncertain
9
Bio/Vote History
Again this would need accompanying increase in capital requirements
Voth
Hans-Joachim Voth
University of Zurich
Agree
6
Bio/Vote History
Whelan
Karl Whelan
University College Dublin Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Wyplosz
Charles Wyplosz
The Graduate Institute Geneva
Disagree
7
Bio/Vote History

Question C Participant Responses

Participant University Vote Confidence Bio/Vote History
Allen
Franklin Allen
Imperial College London
Uncertain
5
Bio/Vote History
It is not clear we measure bank capital in a good way. Perhaps more importantly, we don't have good theories of bank capital that are widely agreed.
Antras
Pol Antras
Harvard
Agree
5
Bio/Vote History
Blanchard
Olivier Blanchard
Peterson Institute
Uncertain
1
Bio/Vote History
Bloom
Nicholas Bloom
Stanford Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Blundell
Richard William Blundell
University College London Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Botticini
Maristella Botticini
Bocconi
Agree
6
Bio/Vote History
Bénassy-Quéré
Agnès Bénassy-Quéré
Paris School of Economics
Disagree
8
Bio/Vote History
Carletti
Elena Carletti
Bocconi
Strongly Disagree
10
Bio/Vote History
Danthine
Jean-Pierre Danthine
Paris School of Economics
Agree
7
Bio/Vote History
De Grauwe
Paul De Grauwe
LSE
Agree
7
Bio/Vote History
Eeckhout
Jan Eeckhout
UPF Barcelona
Strongly Agree
9
Bio/Vote History
Fehr
Ernst Fehr
Universität Zurich
Agree
7
Bio/Vote History
Freixas
Xavier Freixas
Barcelona GSE Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Fuchs-Schündeln
Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt
Agree
3
Bio/Vote History
Galí
Jordi Galí
Barcelona GSE
Agree
6
Bio/Vote History
Garicano
Luis Garicano
LSE
Agree
8
Bio/Vote History
Gorodnichenko
Yuriy Gorodnichenko
Berkeley
Uncertain
4
Bio/Vote History
Griffith
Rachel Griffith
University of Manchester
No Opinion
Bio/Vote History
Guerrieri
Veronica Guerrieri
Chicago Booth
Uncertain
7
Bio/Vote History
Guiso
Luigi Guiso
Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance
Uncertain
1
Bio/Vote History
Guriev
Sergei Guriev
Sciences Po
Agree
8
Bio/Vote History
Honohan
Patrick Honohan
Trinity College Dublin
Agree
10
Bio/Vote History
And regulatory capital should not neglect capital losses on traded government securities resulting from to general interest rate increases.
Javorcik
Beata Javorcik
University of Oxford Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Krahnen
Jan Pieter Krahnen
Goethe University Frankfurt
Disagree
5
Bio/Vote History
To prevent a bank-run, we need a reliable deposit insurance. To prevent moral hazard of an increased deposit insurance, we need lots of bail-in able debt, as well as equity. But equity is not the panacea...
Kőszegi
Botond Kőszegi
Central European University
No Opinion
Bio/Vote History
La Ferrara
Eliana La Ferrara
Harvard Kennedy Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Leuz
Christian Leuz
Chicago Booth
Agree
7
Bio/Vote History
For recent runs, liquidity & unstable, short-term funding structures were a bigger issue than level of capital. However, bank capital was shielded from losses for certain securities. Undoing these prudential filters amounts to increasing capital requirements, which is why I agree
Mayer
Thierry Mayer
Sciences-Po Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Meghir
Costas Meghir
Yale
Agree
9
Bio/Vote History
Pagano
Marco Pagano
Università di Napoli Federico II
Agree
9
Bio/Vote History
Pastor
Lubos Pastor
Chicago Booth Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Persson
Torsten Persson
Stockholm University Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Pissarides
Christopher Pissarides
London School of Economics and Political Science Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Portes
Richard Portes
London Business School
Strongly Agree
10
Bio/Vote History
Current requirements much too low to provide proper cushion against shocks and to give time for remedial measures if bank is on an unsustainable path.
Prendergast
Canice Prendergast
Chicago Booth
Uncertain
7
Bio/Vote History
Propper
Carol Propper
Imperial College London
Agree
1
Bio/Vote History
Rasul
Imran Rasul
University College London Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Reichlin
Lucrezia Reichlin
London Business School Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Reis
Ricardo Reis
London School of Economics
Strongly Agree
8
Bio/Vote History
Repullo
Rafael Repullo
CEMFI
Agree
8
Bio/Vote History
Rey
Hélène Rey
London Business School Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Schoar
Antoinette Schoar
MIT Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Storesletten
Kjetil Storesletten
University of Minnesota
Strongly Agree
8
Bio/Vote History
Miller-Modigliani applies in the long run: there is no trade-off between bank equity and GDP in the long run (but steep trade-off exists in short run). Accordingly, the capital requirements should be increased gradually and steadily (over 10-year period) to new high level
Sturm
Daniel Sturm
London School of Economics Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Van Reenen
John Van Reenen
LSE
Disagree
7
Bio/Vote History
Van der Ploeg
Rick Van der Ploeg
Oxford
Agree
6
Bio/Vote History
Despite efforts, banks still seem rather under-capitalised.
Vickers
John Vickers
Oxford
Strongly Agree
9
Bio/Vote History
The case was strong independently of the recent failures
Voth
Hans-Joachim Voth
University of Zurich
Strongly Agree
8
Bio/Vote History
Whelan
Karl Whelan
University College Dublin Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Wyplosz
Charles Wyplosz
The Graduate Institute Geneva
Uncertain
6
Bio/Vote History

Question D Participant Responses

Participant University Vote Confidence Bio/Vote History
Allen
Franklin Allen
Imperial College London
Uncertain
5
Bio/Vote History
This would be an improvement over current rules probably. However, it doesn't deal with the problem of untraded assets.
Antras
Pol Antras
Harvard
Agree
5
Bio/Vote History
Blanchard
Olivier Blanchard
Peterson Institute
Uncertain
5
Bio/Vote History
Bloom
Nicholas Bloom
Stanford Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Blundell
Richard William Blundell
University College London Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Botticini
Maristella Botticini
Bocconi
No Opinion
Bio/Vote History
Bénassy-Quéré
Agnès Bénassy-Quéré
Paris School of Economics
Uncertain
5
Bio/Vote History
Carletti
Elena Carletti
Bocconi
Disagree
10
Bio/Vote History
Danthine
Jean-Pierre Danthine
Paris School of Economics
Strongly Agree
6
Bio/Vote History
De Grauwe
Paul De Grauwe
LSE
Disagree
7
Bio/Vote History
Eeckhout
Jan Eeckhout
UPF Barcelona
Uncertain
5
Bio/Vote History
Fehr
Ernst Fehr
Universität Zurich
No Opinion
Bio/Vote History
Freixas
Xavier Freixas
Barcelona GSE Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Fuchs-Schündeln
Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln
Goethe-Universität Frankfurt
No Opinion
Bio/Vote History
Galí
Jordi Galí
Barcelona GSE
Agree
6
Bio/Vote History
Garicano
Luis Garicano
LSE
No Opinion
Bio/Vote History
Gorodnichenko
Yuriy Gorodnichenko
Berkeley
Uncertain
5
Bio/Vote History
Griffith
Rachel Griffith
University of Manchester
No Opinion
Bio/Vote History
Guerrieri
Veronica Guerrieri
Chicago Booth
Disagree
7
Bio/Vote History
Guiso
Luigi Guiso
Einaudi Institute for Economics and Finance
Disagree
6
Bio/Vote History
Guriev
Sergei Guriev
Sciences Po
Uncertain
5
Bio/Vote History
Honohan
Patrick Honohan
Trinity College Dublin
Uncertain
10
Bio/Vote History
Am inclined to restrict this to cover valuation changes related to movements in risk-free yields e.g. on traded government bonds. Including other market movements may generate too much procyclicality.
Javorcik
Beata Javorcik
University of Oxford Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Krahnen
Jan Pieter Krahnen
Goethe University Frankfurt
Disagree
5
Bio/Vote History
The accounting should depend on the business model, i.e. whether securities are held to maturity or not. What is needed, however, is transparency - so the market can account for expected losses, and banks can respond with change of their equity.
Kőszegi
Botond Kőszegi
Central European University
No Opinion
Bio/Vote History
La Ferrara
Eliana La Ferrara
Harvard Kennedy Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Leuz
Christian Leuz
Chicago Booth
Uncertain
9
Bio/Vote History
Q is too broad. Uncertain for all trad assets. Agree prudential filters for AFS securities should be removed, so that fair value losses affect capital in timely fashion. Banks w/ short-term funding should not use historical cost for HTM securities. Ability to hold matters.
-see background information here
Mayer
Thierry Mayer
Sciences-Po Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Meghir
Costas Meghir
Yale
Agree
9
Bio/Vote History
Pagano
Marco Pagano
Università di Napoli Federico II
Agree
9
Bio/Vote History
Pastor
Lubos Pastor
Chicago Booth Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Persson
Torsten Persson
Stockholm University Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Pissarides
Christopher Pissarides
London School of Economics and Political Science Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Portes
Richard Portes
London Business School
Strongly Agree
10
Bio/Vote History
Not marking to market gives a misleading picture of solvency. See Admati-Hellwig-Portes VoxEU columns on SVB and CS.
Prendergast
Canice Prendergast
Chicago Booth
Agree
6
Bio/Vote History
Propper
Carol Propper
Imperial College London
Uncertain
3
Bio/Vote History
Rasul
Imran Rasul
University College London Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Reichlin
Lucrezia Reichlin
London Business School Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Reis
Ricardo Reis
London School of Economics
Agree
7
Bio/Vote History
Repullo
Rafael Repullo
CEMFI
Agree
8
Bio/Vote History
Rey
Hélène Rey
London Business School Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Schoar
Antoinette Schoar
MIT Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Storesletten
Kjetil Storesletten
University of Minnesota
Agree
6
Bio/Vote History
Sturm
Daniel Sturm
London School of Economics Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Van Reenen
John Van Reenen
LSE
Uncertain
4
Bio/Vote History
Van der Ploeg
Rick Van der Ploeg
Oxford
Agree
6
Bio/Vote History
Vickers
John Vickers
Oxford
Agree
9
Bio/Vote History
My agreement is qualified. Taken literally there are clear dangers of pro-cyclicality. But market values are underused and should at least be used in parallel to traditional methods, e.g. in stress tests.
Voth
Hans-Joachim Voth
University of Zurich
Disagree
7
Bio/Vote History
Whelan
Karl Whelan
University College Dublin Did Not Answer Bio/Vote History
Wyplosz
Charles Wyplosz
The Graduate Institute Geneva
Agree
1
Bio/Vote History